Australian Taxation Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian Taxation Law - Assignment Example The $5,000 got after the exchanging time frame qualify as pay for the period finished 30 June 2010. This is as per gatherings bookkeeping technique; salary is perceived when it is earned. This is as per and necessities of area 6-5. The exchanging stock for Philip’s business must be assessed by the general standard of representing stock-S70-35(1). The contrast between the opening and shutting stock is added to assessable salary on the grounds that the end stock surpasses opening stock-S70-35(2). The permissible derivations (division 8) incorporate the $2,000 which was a cost from the substitution of the climate control system S25-10. The sum is limited to the cost that Phillip brought about since he exchanged the cooling framework which created back salary S6-5. W Thomas and co v FCT? purchased a structure and didn't realize that the structure had harm when they got it †the courts held that the ATO will treat consumption that cures imperfections, harm or decay to property as capital if the deformity, harm or crumbling existed at the hour of securing of the property, and didn't emerge from the activities of the individual who causes the use. Note †the minor truth that the buyer didn't realize that underlying fixes were required at the hour of procurement is immaterial. His advantage collected on a credit that was utilized in revamping the investment properties bringing about an age of assessable pay S25-25(1). The $500 he utilized for supplanting the light is additionally a deductible salary since it falls under fixes and substitution S25-10. Fine paid by Phillip to the nearby doesn't qualify as a conclusion according to the S26-5 expressing that punishments are not deductible sums. The costs caused in the assembling of the tennis racquet likewise, are a piece of the deductible recompense as it is a cost brought about in creating an assessable pay S8-1. Under Division 30, gifts are deductible stipends as long as they are willful and, no guarantee asserted. This can be identified with the foundation gift. In any case, the blessings he introduced to family and the 5 racquets he took for individual use don't qualify as deductible recompense S26-54. Paper 2 Joan’s complete available pay Joan’s pay $ Salary 375,000 Home product magazine 24,000 13,500 537,500 Agreement 230,000 Payment for harms through mishap 360,000 590,000 Total assessable pay 1,127,500 Allowable reasonings $ Pain and enduring 10,000 University Union charges 650 Textbooks 750 Photocopying and composing help 350 Travel 450 2,200 Total admissible findings 12,200 Joan’s absolute available pay Assessable pay 1,127,500 Allowable derivations 12,200 Total available pay 1,115,300 Joan’s all out available pay adds up to $1,000,300.â

Legal Compliance in the Distribution of Software Applications Free Essays

Programming robbery is a rising issue in the United States, however around the globe. In 1993 overall programming theft cost 12. 5 billion dollars to the product business, with lost 2. We will compose a custom paper test on Lawful Compliance in the Distribution of Software Applications or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now 2 billion dollars in the United States alone. Appraisals show that more than 40 percent of U. S. programming organization incomes are created abroad, yet almost 85 percent of the product industry’s robbery misfortunes happened outside of the United States outskirts. The Software Publishers Association showed that around 35 percent of the business programming in the United States were gotten unlawfully, which 30 percent of the robbery happens in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, each PC must have its own arrangement of unique programming and the proper number of manuals. It is unlawful for an organization or business to buy a solitary arrangement of unique programming and than load that product onto more than one PC, or loan, duplicate or circulate programming in any way, shape or form without the earlier composed assent of the product maker. Numerous product supervisors are worried about the lawful consistence, alongside resource the executives and expenses at their associations. Numerous organizations include their lawful divisions and HR with respect to programming circulation and authorizing. In 1974, Congress made the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to explore whether the advancing PC innovation field outpaced the current copyright laws and furthermore to decide the degree of copyright assurance for PC programs. CONTU reasoned that while copyright assurance ought to stretch out past the strict source code of a PC program, developing case law ought to decide the degree of insurance. The commission additionally felt that copyright was the best option among existing licensed innovation defensive components, and CONTU dismissed prized formula and licenses as reasonable defensive instruments. The CONTU report brought about the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report goes about as casual administrative history to help the courts in deciphering the Act. In 1980 The Copyright Act was altered to unequivocally incorporate PC programs. Title 17 to the United States Code expresses that it is illicit to make or to disperse duplicates of copyrighted material without approval, aside from the clients option to make a solitary reinforcement duplicate for authentic purposes. Any composed material (counting PC programs) fixed in an unmistakable structure is viewed as copyrighted with no extra activity with respect to the creator. In this way, it isn't essential that a duplicate of the product program be saved with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be secured as copyrighted. In view of that then a copyright is a property right as it were. So as to keep anybody from selling your product programs, you should request that a government court stop that individual by a directive and to give you harms for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. Step by step instructions to refer to Legal Compliance in the Distribution of Software Applications, Essay models

Oy Gevalt! 32 Books for Jewish Book Month

Oy Gevalt! 32 Books for Jewish Book Month LSeforim (to books)! Each year, in the month before Chanukah, and thanks to the efforts of a public librarian in 20th century Boston, American Jews are given an opening to celebrate Jewish books. This year, Book Riot (or: me. I am. This list includes some of my perennial favorites.) is reading along with its own list of Jewish titles. These thirty-two books include novels, biographies, a childrens book, textual criticism, works on Israel and the diaspora, and scholarship for Shabbat reading. There ought to be something here for everyone. Enjoy (and, please, contribute your own titles in the comments section)! November 6th:  Jews and Words, Fania Oz-Salzberger and Amos Oz. On how the written word binds Jews together as a community, against history and despite fluctuations in belief. Fania and Amos write with real poetic skill. Not everyone loves this book, but I cannot help but. November 7th:  Who Wrote the Bible?, Richard Elliott Friedman. The place to start if youre interested in  biblical criticism. Friedmans text explores the authorship of the Torah, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. One of my Bible professors sold it as a text-based mystery, which is an apt description. Its edifying, engaging, and provocative. November 8th: The World to Come, Dara Horn. This novel centers on a perhaps-stolen Chagall, but, like all of Horns books, it involves so much more. The Yiddish scholars sophomore novel incorporates Talmud, Jewish legends, history, and complicated family dynamics into a mix thats hard to resist. Beloved in my collection and often recommended. November 9th:  These Things Happen, Richard Kramer. I always feel compelled to compare this novel to  To Kill A Mockingbird. Its hard to say why, though. Maybe its that it made me both laugh and cry; or that Kramers writing is jaunty and clever. Maybe its that Kramer tackles exigent social issues (in the case of  These Things Happen: lgbt families and coming out as a youth). This novel acknowledges that the world is imperfect, but makes you feel pretty great about human potential, anyway. November 10th  (Sigd): For Sigd, a holiday celebrated by the Ethiopian Jewish community that relates to Mosess encounter with God, celebrate by reading about Ethiopian Jews. Ruth Grubers  Rescue: the Exodus of the Ethiopian Jews is a good choice. November 11th (Veterans Day): try Alan Wolfs  A Purity of Arms, a memoir about serving in the IDF as an American Jew.     November 12th:  Rise on Rosh Chodesh morning with the  Women of the Wall, who will be davening  to welcome  Kislev at  the Western Wall. They have a Torah scroll, they pray aloud, they wear tallitot  and  kippot.  None of these behaviors sound radical, but man oh man do the old school religious fellows get stirred up over it. You can learn more about Anat Hoffman and her glorious band of Jewish women through Phyllis Cheslers  Women of the Wall, which is a diverse collection  of essays that I love to pieces. November 13th: technically still Rosh Chodesh! Keep the Jewish feminism rolling with Judith Plaskows seminal  Standing Again at Sinai.  Did I wake people up mumbling about sexism and  minyanim  after reading this? Sure. But it was also a spiritual salve. Cannot recommend emphatically enough. November 14th:  The Torah: A Womans Commentary, Tamara Cohn Eskenazi. Shabbat Shalom! Meditate on the Torah portion from a feminist perspective. November 15th:  David: The Divided Heart, David Wolpe. Rabbi Wolpe is a gorgeous writer, and his approach to the infamous king of Israel reads as fresh and exciting. I chose this because its his most recent, but really, anything by Rabbi Wolpe is a treat. November 16th:  Black, White Jewish  and/or  Ade: A Love Story by Rebecca Walker.The first is a memoir; the second, a multicultural novel; the author, the daughter of Alice Walker, with whom she has a tempestuous relationship. November 17th:  Kosher Nation: Why More and More of Americas Food Answers to a Higher Authority, Sue Fishkoff. On how kashrut has become an industry in America. I used Fishkoffs book as a guide while keeping kosher, but its generally fun to read. Youll learn about kosher wine-making, the complications surrounding certification, and the whys and wherefores of recent explosions of interest in maintaining biblically-based dietary standards. November 18th:  Sacred Trash: the Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza, Adina Hoffman and Peter Cole. On the Cairo genizah. Has been criticized for being dry; I dont see that at all. This book fascinated me. November 19th:  My Promised Land: the Triumph and Tragedy of Israel, Ari Shavit. Explores the challenges and controversies surrounding modern Israel. Conservatives found it too liberal; liberals found it too conservative; I do believe that means hes doing something right. November 20th:  The Dovekeepers,  Alice Hoffman. Focuses on four women who find themselves at Masada at the time of the siege. Beautifully written. Wonderfully feminist. I hate how it was co-opted and diluted for television; skip that telling and stick to Hoffmans novel. November 21st:  From Text to Tradition, Lawrence Schiffman. A fantastic text exploring Judaism during the Second Temple period. This was assigned to me as a textbook, but I absolutely love it and recommend it widely. November 22nd:  No One is Here Except All of Us, Ramona Ausubel. The only Holocaust novel on this list, and one that often avoids dealing with the Shoah directly. Its characters live in a shtetl certain to fall victim to Nazi forces, but they decide to resist encroaching villains for as long as possible by imagining that theyre somewhere impervious to evil. Strange. Lovely. Will stick with you.     November 23rd:  The Septembers of Shiraz, Dalia Sofer. A Mizrahi family grapples with being marginalized and subjected to suspicion in the wake of the Iranian revolution. A novel from a non-Askenazi perspective. November 24th: To Life!, Harold Kushner. An approachable, humorous, piquing and persuasive book on Jewish identity. Courtesy of a rabbis recommendation on my end; I adore it and pass it on to those curious about the tradition. November 25th:  Elijahs Violin and Other Jewish Fairy Tales,  Howard Schwartz. I may be reading this book with yall! Just copied the title down while eyeing the bookcase of friends; ordered promptly. Seems like the perfect way to unwind in advance of Thanksgiving. November 26th  (Thanksgiving):  Rivkas First Thanksgiving, Elsa Okon Rael. A childrens book about a young girl who goes to ask her rabbi whether Jews should celebrate Thanksgiving. November 27th:  Shalom Coloring, Freddie Levin. Oy, the  tryptophan! Youve  got energy for plotzing, but not much else. Relax with this adult coloring book. (It counts!) November 28th:  People of the Book, Akiva Aaronson. A aesthetically pleasing, coffee-table sized book that walks readers through hundreds of years of Jewish publishing. Good study material for Shabbat.     November 29th:  Just Say Nu, Michael Wex. A fun introduction to conversational Yiddish; as much an appreciative text as it is an instructional one. November 30th:  One Hundred Philistine Foreskins, Tova Reich. A novel about a ferocious and controversial feminist rabbinical leader. You are guaranteed to have a strong reaction. December 1st:  Shekhina , Leonard Nimoy. A photographic celebration of the feminine divine. If you havent seen Nimoys photographs before, prepare to be awed. His accompanying text is also pensive and fantastic. May have to ILL it, but wholly worth any trouble. December 2nd:  In Her Shoes, Jennifer Weiner. Two Jewish sisters compete and wind their way toward a truce in this fun, and funny, novel from the feminist mainstay. The movie is excellent as well, and if you dont follow Weiner on Twitter, you SHOULD, because shes fabulous. December 3rd:  The Believers, Zoe Heller. Neuroses in upper Manhattan. Hellers novel centers on a secular family (one daughter has gone to the dark side by becoming religious) who take Jewish liberalism to a whole new level. Hellers characters arent really likable, but they are fascinating.     December 4th:  The Sabbath, Abraham Joshua Heschel. As close as a theological text can come to poetry. December 5th:  Palaces of Time,  Elisheva Carlebach. Again, a lovely book to own, but also a great text to study. A far-reaching exploration of the Jewish calendar; thrilling illustrations. December 6th:  Yentl the Yeshiva Boy, Isaac Bashevis Singer. Maybe you know the Barbra Streisand movie? Singer didnt like it. (I do.) The word is that he meant for his Yentl to be transgender. Barbras Yentl is cisgendered, and disguises herself as a man to study Torah. Im recommending that you read his version, watch Barbras film version (you deserve a little Mandy Patinkin after all of this reading!), and decide for yourself. (Two Jews, three opinions, right?)

Serpico Ethical Issues Essay - 1517 Words

Serpico is about a New York police officer, Frank Serpico, or â€Å"Paco†, who got shot in the face for reporting police corruption in the New York Police Department (NYPD). Fellow officers did not help him when he was wounded. This movie portrayed real life events and factors that go on in our police forces today. There are a lot of ethical issues that go on in this movie. Men are beaten, punished, lied to, and deceived by police officers. Serpico testified against all police corruption and was left derelict in a crucial time of need. Officers today need to work together in a positive and ethical way in order to get their job done the right way. This film really grabbed my interest by depicting real life situations and corruption in today’s†¦show more content†¦Frank was very ethical in his work and allowed his fellow officers to have the arrest. It is very unethical for police officers to receive cash bribes and sell drugs in order to make extra money. Sellin g drugs and receiving bribes is certainly against the law and any officer who engages in such activity is not ethical. Frank Serpico went to his captain and the New York mayor about this corruption, but they did not do anything about it. It was also very unethical of Serpico’s partners to abandon him when he needed help and then got shot. These issues were finally resolved when Frank Serpico reported such activities to the press and it made front page in New York Times. The mayor, John Lindsay, was then forced to appoint the Knapp Commission to investigate the truth. Serpico testified against fellow police officers, breaking the â€Å"blue code of silence†, which is an unwritten rule among police officers not to report fellow officer wrongdoings, to the Knapp Commission on May 10, 1971. I hope that police officers in the future will not experience the same frustration and anxiety that I was subjected to for the past five years at the hands of my superiors because of my attempt to report corruption. We create an atmosphere in which the honest officer fears the dishonest officer, and not the other way around. The problem is that the atmosphere does not yet exist in which honestShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Serpico 933 Words   |  4 PagesSerpico† is a film that based on the of New York City Police Officer named Frank Serpico and the difficult obstacles he had to face working for the NYPD. Serpico is a â€Å"cops cop† that had to deal with persuasive organized corruption, police crime, and ethical dilemmas etc. All these obstacles were hard for Serpico to work with on a daily basis. He refused to take bribes and his co-workers begin distrust him. Serpico informed his superiors about the corruption but they did nothing about it. TheRead MorePolice Accountability And The Criminal Justice System1356 Words   |  6 Pagesmistake. When police officers are sworn in, they take an oath to be held to a higher standard than an ordinary citizen. However, citizens are just like ordinary citizens they make mistakes, but also when they do make mistakes it should be logical and ethical. Once police are sworn in, they are not only held accountable for their actions, but also their peers and the community they serve. This paper will not only explain police accountability, but also tell the importance and significant of it as wellRead MorePolice Departments Become Corrupt When Leaders Condone Unethical Behavior Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesare realistic ethical issues that affect police departments. It is th e responsibility of leaders to properly protect, control and enact changes. Detective Serpico The inner workings of a police department promote an atmosphere of uniformity and camaraderie; the lives of the officer to right and left depend on your actions. It would then be inevitable that the subculture would have problems accepting one of their own who has chosen to â€Å"break ranks† as whistleblowers. â€Å"The main ethical dilemma in whistleblowingRead More Police Corruption in America2871 Words   |  12 Pagesreputation of the agency overtime. The public trust on the agency has been broken and that has caused some members of the society to distrust and have doubts to service motives of police officers. The growing distrust to the police agencies is a common issue shared by countries worldwide. Police corruption is a costly international malady that also infected the police agencies in America. History of Police Corruption in America Police agencies have beautiful roles and functions inRead MorePolice Corruption2291 Words   |  10 Pagesnepotism, cronyism, and no criminal unauthorized disclosure of information. In the early 1970s, Frank Serpico made headlines as he testified before the Knapp commission on police corruption in New York City. Serpico, and under cover operative within the police department, revealed a complex web of corruption in which money and services routinely changed hands and protection rackets created by ethical officers. The authors of the noncommissioned report distinguished between two types of corrupt officersRead MoreThe Technological Revolution Has Changed The Access Of Citizens Within A Democracy1728 Words   |  7 Pagesfraud in businesses that held wartime contracts and made false claims (Averill 1999). In the 1960s the term whistleblowing evolved into â€Å"ethical dissent† (Glazer and Glazer 1988 p. 56) based on mafia and former communists becoming â€Å"informants†. Since the 1970s, whistleblowing has become a common means of describing dissent in bureaucracy, particularly when issues of public health, nepotism, safety, corruption, fraud or abuse of office are involved (Johnson 2002 p.4). 3,0 Results 3.1 Public OpinionRead MorePolice Corruption9501 Words   |  39 Pagesto their family. Some of the stressors, and at times atrocities, that police officers have been exposed to throughout their shift have to be forgotten about. This has to be done to keep their families from being exposed to the same psychological issues that police officers are trained to handle. There are many levels of law enforcement included within state and federal agencies and this paper will discuss several levels of law enforcement. The stepping stone to the system of law enforcementRead MorePolice Subculture : Ethics And Ethics3966 Words   |  16 Pagesblower. A whistle blower is a person that exposes or reveals wrongdoing or activities that are illegal or dishonest to the public (whistleblower - definition of whistleblower by The Free Dictionary, n.d.). Frank Serpico is a well-known whistle blower throughout the police community. Serpico was harassed by other officers and was allegedly set up to be murdered to prevent him from testifying in the famous Knapp Commission investigation. During the Knapp Commission investigation, two types of corruptRead MorePolice Corruption and Misconduct2992 Words   |  12 Pagesthemselves or their personal wants or desires above that of their sworn duty and obligation. According to Barker and Carter (1986) for an action t o be corrupt it must have 3 requirements. For one it must not be allowed by some form of rules, laws, or even ethical standards. Next the action must involve the abuse of the officer’s power or status. And last it needs to involve some wanted goal or achievement usually a materialistic gain such as property or money. Considering this though measuring and keepingRead MorePolice Brutality : A Law Enforcement Officer4738 Words   |  19 Pagesbeing greedy, stealing money, and even getting into the drug trade while they are in uniform. In the end these men and women that put on the uniform are just as bad as the drug dealers who sling dope on the corner. Police brutality is another big issue within law enforcement. At times police overuse the necessary amount of force that is needed and end up injuring and even at times killing another individual. These officers are also just as guilty as the ones that they have been placing under arrest

Health Care Information Systems That Offers A...

Cerner Soarian Clinical is a health care information system that offers a revolutionary workflow-driven design and addresses the dynamic nature of patient care. It positions health care organizations to manage processes, as well as clinical data, from beginning to end across departments, disciplines, and care settings to help improve operational efficiencies and the business of health care. During the two weeks of the go-live with the new system, there were a few anticipated as well as un-anticipated dilemmas that did surfaced. As observed the go-live consultants were ready for most and for the un-anticipated problems that presented itself, those questions were immediately taken to the command center to be rectified. The most important take away from this experience and a major topic and all our courses is that communication is the key. Everyone involved with this project must be able to communicate effectively for it to be successful. Cerner (the vender) provided us with the basic model of the Soarian software. Winthrop, like any other organization could modify it to fit the organizations goals. We utilize a vital sign machine manufactured from Welch Allyn. the vital sign machine is supposed to be in sync with Soarian. This simply means that once the patient bar code is scanned from their I.D bracelet, next the vitals are taken and once the healthcare provider press save on the Welch Allyn machine it should automatically have been uploaded into Soarian. The healthcareShow MoreRelatedHealthcare Informatics1349 Words   |  6 Pagespipeline of information technology (IT) and major medical equipment that challenges traditional capital allocation processes. In a highly fragmented industry that is driven by coverage and reimbursement policies set by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and private insurers, the cumulative impact of hospitals’ technology investment decisions shapes health care for decades. Hospitals are medical institutions with the goal of diagnosing, treating, and caring for patients with a wideRead MoreManagement and Business22027 Words   |  89 PagesChapter 1 Review Questions 1. Define what is encompassed in the term information technology. Information technology includes both the computer technology that enables the processing and storing of information as well as the communication technology that enables the transmission of this information. 2. What are some of the ways that IT has become â€Å"pervasive†? In the workplace, IT has become commonplace. It is becoming rare for an employee in most industries toRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pages1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASERead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagessuccession. 100 100 Avoiding Integrity Land Mines Ben W. Heineman, Jr. How do you keep thousands of employees, operating in hundreds of countries, as honest as they are competitive? General Electric’s longtime general counsel describes the systems the company has put in place to do just that. 78 90 4 Harvard Business Review | April 2007 | hbr.org Cover Art: Joshua Gorchov continued on page 8 APRIL 2007 14 Departments 12 COMPANY INDEX 14 FROM THE EDITORRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespublishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions DepartmentRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCosts 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system (.1) 6.6 .2.1 Time performance 7.2.3.1 Cost baseline development 7.3.2.1 Earned value system (F.4) 7.3.2.4 E.V., performance status report 7.3.2.2 E.V., forecasts 7.3.2.3 EV., to complete index (EAC) 7.3.2.5 Schedule and cost variance Developing a Project Plan 4.2.2 Planning tools 6.2 Sequence

Identifying Trainining Resources Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA MASTER’S IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MGT 745: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT TOPIC: IDENTIFYING TRAINING RESOURCES Introduction This paper purports to outline steps needed to identify resources for training. It will illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of using different types of training drawing examples from the authors’ workplace experience. Resource could be defined as follows, â€Å"a source of supply, support, or aid, esp. We will write a custom essay sample on Identifying Trainining Resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now one that can be readily drawn upon when needed. â€Å"†¦The total means available to a company for increasing production or profit, including plant, labor, and raw material; assets. † http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/resources Resources can be defined as assets available and anticipated for operations. These include people (learners, facilitators/trainers/consultants), time, infrastructure, equipment, availability of training institutions, and availability of financial resources (money/funds). The kind of resources required depend on the type of training that is to be carried out. Hence the identification of training resources is a critical component of training/ learning effectiveness that can be manifested at the individual, team, and organisation level. It is therefore important to identify training resources as this allows training to make a difference that is noticeable; training with a practical value or utility to both employees and the organization. One key factor in employee motivation and retention is the opportunity to continue to grow and develop job and career enhancing skills. Employees need to be equipped to handle employee relations and responsibilities competently. Training in any organization needs resources to be executed or implemented effectively hence the need to draw up a budget that can be utilized. The major resource for training is financial, therefore the need for the department to have cost estimates for most of the training being investigated. For example at the Botswana Police Forensic Science Laboratory, every financial year when budget estimates are drawn for the lab, training is included in the budget. Courses that need immediate attention (as per the need of the lab or gap that exist) are listed together alongside estimated costs and length of the training. Institutions that offer the training, course content, length of training and costs are identified beforehand. This budget is then submitted to the training board of the Botswana Police Service for screening and approval. In the Department of Vocational Education and Training (DVET), short term training budget is decentralized to regional offices and the budget tends to be similar or vary slightly from the previous year whereas long term training budget is coordinated at head quarters. The implication is that short term training budget may not necessarily reconcile with any required training. The organization should also take cognizance of the fact that people learn in different ways, therefore the training has to match employee learning preferences which may help to speed up their training and reduce costs at the same time. Some considerations when identifying resources for training are: †¢ What areas need training to be conducted? i. e. identifying problem areas. †¢ Who needs training and in what area? †¢ How complex is the training that is needed? †¢ How much time do learners have to learn the new knowledge and skills? How much money is available to pay for the training, whether in-house or using a consultant? †¢ How capable are learners to undertake the training? †¢ What are learner’s learning preferences and styles? For example, in DVET training for the junior officers (industrial class) is normally done in Setswana. †¢ What institutions are available for tailored or the required training? †¢ Could training be conducted in house, on the job, outsourcing or in external institutions? And which method could suite learners? And benefit the organisation in a valuable and practical manner. Types of Training Resources Internal Training The types of training, classified as internal, external or a hybrid of the two have a bearing on the types of resources needed to implement. Internal training can be mentoring, coaching, seminars, workshops or classroom based training e. g. at the department of Government Printing, there is internal classroom based training whereby employees are taught within the department. The training is based on the theory and technical knowledge that the staff needs in order to improve their performance and prepare them for further training. This type of training requires a trainer, classroom, equipment such as projectors, television and video technologies. After completion of this internal training, qualifying employees are then sent for further training abroad for a higher learning programme. In the case of Printing, where there are no local institutions that offer training within the country, the department relies on colleges/universities based in the United Kingdom. The Department of Land Board Services in the Ministry of Lands and Housing mostly provide classroom based training, for example, on introduction to computers. This training is conducted mainly for the industrial class workforce to equip them with basic skills for working and operating computers. The resources used for this type of training include computers, Information Technology officers who conduct the training and the members of staff. At DVET regional offices most short term training programs are externally sourced where it is assumed that specialized courses for specific needs and in addition staff are given liberty to select training courses and institutions but subject to approval by supervisors and funds permitting. Other general training courses such as customer services improvement courses are selected by human resources officers as part of staff development. However, public sector reforms are cascaded internally form senior management to junior officers in consultation/ facilitation with performance improvement coordinators and funds have to be availed as a matter of priority, at times combining facilitators, equipment and funds across departments within the same ministry. It is essential to note that internal training is not as costly as external training which is one of its major advantages, as it is cost effective. Many businesses choose to train employees in-house (type of internal training) can offer a number of advantages over external training providers. Internal training can be: †¢ tailored to specific business’ needs †¢ scheduled for a time that suits business †¢ time effective – employees do not spend additional time or money traveling However, there are a number of disadvantages to note including some of the following: †¢ The possible tendency for employees not to take the training seriously especially if it is conducted by a core employee with low reputation within the organisation or has less to offer to other employees. Difficulties faced by the organisation to identify a suitable trainer or the necessary resources in-house / internally. †¢ The potential risk of passing or perpetuating existing inefficiencies or poor business practices For internal training to be effective, HR managers need to ensure they have the appropriate expertise and resou rces in-house. They will have to dedicate the necessary resources to training programmes. These resources could include management time, an experienced trainer, training or course materials, equipment such as PCs, telephones or machinery and space in which to carry out the training. To help expose and enhance the skills of internal trainer with less information to offer to learners, consideration should be given to send them on a train-the-trainer course to ensure their training methods and materials are up to date and effective. Alternatively, if there are no necessary skills in-house, HR managers could purchase off-the-shelf or tailor-made courses or choose whether to use an internal or external trainer to run the course. This should be supplemented by appropriate e-learning courses and investing in internal training support databses. There are tailor-made courses covering a wide range of topics, one should choose a course that meets organizational and employees needs. They can be targeted, confidential and cost a fraction of the price of sending each employee on an external scheme. ON- The- Job Training (OJT) Under internal training there is also On-the-job training (OJT): Having a person learns a job by actually doing the job. OJT methods Coaching/ understudy For example at the BPS Forensic lab, when new employees start work (newly employed), they first undergo intensive in-house training before they can be released to work independently. At first they circulate in all the sections of the lab to get an overview of what each section does, then after which they are sent to the relevant sections they were employed to join. This is where they are taken through intensive coaching on the tests that are carried out at that particular section. Trainees are taught the theory behind the tests done, shown how to do the actual tests, then do the tests themselves under the supervision of the facilitator (usually an experienced member of the section). At the end a supervisor assesses them both theoretically and practically. When they satisfy the required standard of performance, they are then allowed to work independently. At DVET coaching of new staff does not follow any uniform structure. The new staff members will be coached on the requirements of the job and will then conditions will require older staff in the field to assign tasks coach and supervise the new staff work. At DVET our coaching has advantage of making new staff get to know how to do work quickly, but has disadvantage of not being documented hence may not necessarily consistently follow any set guidelines. Job rotation Job rotation consists of moving a trainee from department to department to broaden his or her experience and identify strong and weak points, the method is inexpensive and provides an organisation with immediate feed back. In the Department of Culture and Youth, Performing arts Unit job rotation is widely used mainly because of lack of staff. An Arts Festival organizer and manager could be assigned perform information and systems analysis activities/ funds allocation / research and documentation activities. This has worked for the department through the years as the organisation is sure of continuity of its programmes despite the loss of any officer in certain specialty areas. One officer who was originally a Performing Arts research and documentation officer ended up being a systems analysis officer. The officer realized that he did not really enjoy his line of specialty hence could easily shift from one specialty to the next for the benefit of the organisation. Seminars and Workshops At the BPS Forensic Lab, some seminars/workshops are conducted for all the employees on certain subjects, e. g. Occupation Health and Safety workshops. Employees gather at a venue and a consultant/facilitator is sourced to deliver on the subject. However, for other workshops one or two employees are chosen to attend on behalf of the lab (especially for those that involve a wide range of participants from different labs/departments and charge expensive attendance fees). After the seminar/workshops the rep(s) share what they have learnt with other employees of the Forensic lab through presentations. They also produce a report which is sent to the Police HR department and a copy left with the Director, Forensic Science Services. At DVET seminar and workshops are the major methods used to enhance skills of staff for short term training. External Training External training has to do more with taking employees to an institution or a place outside the parameters of the working environment. Unlike internal training, this requires more and extensive preparation. It is also capital intensive as more money is needed to pay for accommodation, food, learning materials and other costs associated with training. The HR unit has to first identify appropriate institutions where they can send their employees and his takes time as one has to research on the place before making any decisions. After completing the research a database of these learning places is created so as to have readily available information on where to get what kind of training and at what cost. In identifying these training institutions, the HR unit can send out tenders/quotations to companies. In other cases, institutions themselves send out brochures o r call the organizations and advertise themselves. For example, BNPC and BOBS email their training programmes for the year to our department on matters relating to productivity and quality management. They also advertise on the newspapers. At DVET regional offices every year a compiled list of staff needs are sent to HR officers at head office who in turn prioritize and select officers from training. However, due concerns on transparency of the wholly exercise a training committee is about to start working on staff training, though its guidelines are yet to be finalized. Attachment An example of external training which may not be as costly is sending employees for attachments to other organizations that offer similar services or have advanced technology that you need to learn about. As some people learn better in a practical environment, so sending them for an attachment to an organization that offers the same or similar services will be vital. This kind of training is very cost effective because sometimes if it is done locally, not much money is spent. Example: The department of GPPS wanted to buy new equipment, an image-setter which we found was available at a local private printing house. One officer from the unit that uses the equipment was sent to that company for three months to learn how to operate the equipment. There was no money required as the company offered to help. The training was effective as the employees now assists in operating the equipment and was also able to teach colleagues in the same unit. Example of External training at the BPS Forensic Lab It comes in the following forms a) Attachment of Scientists to labs outside Botswana who have advanced technologies and expertise that ours. The scientists are sent there to learn how to do certain tests or how to operate certain machinery. When they come back, they teach other members of the section, make presentations to the whole lab, and produce a report. b) Short courses (e. g. o obtain certificates on certain operations), Masters’s Degrees in Forensic Science as well as PHD’s in Forensic Science. These courses are offered outside Botswana (no local institution offers courses on Forensics at present), and in many instances people are sent to the UK or the USA. The skills that they acquire in their training are also shared by teaching others what they learnt and also come up wi th better ways of doing things. They also submit reports and make presentations. Apprenticeship training It is a structured process by which people become skilled workers through a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-job training. At the University of Botswana this is done mainly by the engineering department. Students spend time in the classroom learning there after take a semester or 2 working on attachment with DeBeers or any engineering company. This method is advantageous because it links work experience with the learning experience hence preparing a learner to be ready for the workplace. Furthermore, to cut cost in external resource training  an HR Manager should plan ahead to cut costs. That way the manager could be able to send or book a course for a larger group of people to get discounts. Or could send one person on a training course and ask them to teach others in the business. Or take up free offers and cheap training from providers of new machinery and systems. How to identify External Resources Important Steps for identifying external resources drawn from the authors’ various workplaces, 1) List all institutes that offer training and information about them that is location, contacts, type of workshops, Etc. There are many institutes offering training courses, workshops and programs. With the advent of the Internet, many sites also offer free or chargeable online training. ) List key training areas offered by each institute 3) Relate each training area to employees’ needs, competencies and capabilities identified earlier. 4) List web sites that offer free or chargeable online training and maintain up to date information. 5) Correspond with institutes to keep the Department up to date. The advantages of using training providers are: †¢ they are sp ecialists †¢ they can bring you up to date on current best practice and new ideas †¢ employees may interact with counterparts in other companies †¢ employees may learn better away from their usual work environment The disadvantages: it is difficult to know the ability and subject knowledge of the trainer †¢ putting an entire team through training at the same time can disrupt your business †¢ they are more costly than delivering internally †¢ the training may not be specific to your particular business †¢ Not up to date lists of institutions will lead to loss of time when training is required. †¢ Limited knowledge in what is available in terms of training may lead to misconceptions about what the staff may require in terms of their training. E-learning and distance learning courses: There are different types of distance learning methods including correspondence courses and e-learning courses. Some courses may be completed online while others might incorporate study books, CD-ROMs or audio and video tapes backed up by student tutorials and seminars. Distance education and E – learning are therefore advantageous because they †¢ allow employees to complete training while remaining in employment †¢ can be completed at a time to suit the business and employees †¢ are cheaper than externally provided courses are available for a wide range of business topics †¢ Offer recognized qualifications from entry level diplomas and certificates to post-graduate degrees. Training via the Internet: Using the internet or proprietary internal intranets to facilitate computer-based training. University of Botswana has recently established an E-Learning e. g. WEBCT, programme whereby students and staff could learn th rough internet/ intranet. This type of computer based learning carry the Advantages of reduced learning time, cost-effectiveness and consistency in instruction material, methods and presentation. The University also has distance programmes offering Degree in business studies and Diploma in Primary Teaching Education. Radio/ Teletraining: A trainer in a central location teaches groups of employees at remote/ or different locations via TV hookups. This is mainly used by Ministry of Education especially through radio. As a teacher one experience radio lessons whereby both students are taught through radio and instructions are given to the teacher as to how or what to provide to the students. Videoconferencing: Interactively training employees who are geographically separated from each other—or from the trainer—via a combination of audio and visual equipment. One recalls a situation whereby, students who studied Music at University of Natal – Petermarisburg campus from 1999 – 2000 experienced video conferencing. At the time the University, currently known as Univesrsity of Kwazulu Natal, offered Music Degree at the Durban Campus, which then disadvantaged students in petermarisburg. Therefore the University devised the video conferencing to train Petermarisburg students in music courses from Durban campus. While lesson were on process in Durban Petermarisburg students also experienced an interactive and learning process of the same class through video conferencing. Conclusion While internal training is important and can be invaluable in some areas of development, the external training process can add interest, give a greater breadth of experience and working practices, and equally important is the freedom to be able to choose a course and a style of learning that is suitable for each individual, rather than the department or team as a whole. Each individual member of the workforce will have different needs, both in terms of the type of training they require, the level of training and of course the time needed to train. Pitman Training for example, offers flexible learning, which means companies can guarantee each of their employees is meeting their individual achievements and targets, while fitting in their study at a time which suits them. Training can be done at their convenience, without having to sacrifice time at work and also without upsetting that all important work-life balance. Possibly the biggest benefit of drawing on the expertise of an external trainer such as Pitman Training, is the attraction of gaining a nationally recognized certification – providing your staff with confidence that they’re receiving quality training, and your company the knowledge that it has quality trained staff All types of training resources seem to carry advantages and disadvantages; this study recommends that an organisation should choose training resources according to its learner’s needs and capabilities. Organizations could outsource trainers who would make the learning meaningful; skills transfer easy and motivate the learner. Outsourcing has the advantage of quickly addressing specific needs, and easier to coordinate but has the disadvantage of being relatively expensive. Organizations could also broaden employee’s skills through on job training and in house seminars, workshops as well as forums and short courses to save on time and cost since time is an essential tool for effective production and success of the organisation. It is advised that organizations should purchase training resources such as laptops, projectors, mobile screen, flip charts, markers, and conference room etc for in house training to be efficient and effective and cost effective. Therefore this paper concludes that there is no best method of training resources but it mostly relies on the needs and capabilities of an organisation. Hence an organisation should choose what is best for it and also consider balancing all the methods provided in this paper. REFERENCES http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/resources Training Development: Fertile Ground for BPO. IDC, May 2003 [pic] ———————– [pic] How to cite Identifying Trainining Resources, Papers

The Effect of Television on Study Habits free essay sample

In today’s modern world televisions are everywhere from airports to the corner of the average household living room. They provide access to entertainment, news, politics, religious sermons, and so much more. Despite this (or because of it) televisions can cause major problems especially for students. Although television can be informative and relaxing, an increase in television watching is deleterious to study habits because it takes up free time, promotes procrastination, and is not intellectually stimulating. For the average student free time can be hard to come by. One must divide their day between school, family, friends, and hobbies. The average television show ranges from a half an hour to an hour. Spending one or more hours a day adds up and decreases ones free time which can also decrease ones efficiency at everyday tasks. The more television one watches the less time they have in their day. Students need to study a substantial amount each day in order to keep up in their classes, and with their work load. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Television on Study Habits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore the more television one watches the less time one has to study which can cause a student to develop inefficient study habits to compensate for the decrease in their free time. Another effect of watching television is television’s capacity as an outlet for procrastination. Endless hours can be spent in front of the television effortlessly. The tendency to do this can also increase when one is trying to avoid certain tasks, like studying. Also the amount of media a single television contains can keep a person engaged for prolonged periods of time. All one has to do it press a button and the channel will change providing more for one to watch. This means that the more channels a television has the greater the amount of time can be spent watching it. Procrastination can have a crippling effect on productivity, a television will only increase ones procrastination and cause students to develop poor study habits, such as cramming at the last minutes and rushing through assignments. One of the greatest adversaries students face from increasing the amount of television they watch is that television is not intellectually stimulating. Despite its ability to provide information, watching a television requires minimal effort and cognition. Unlike reading and critical thinking, watching television can cause a person to become apathetic and even lazy. Student need to keep their minds active and prepped for learning; this is hindered by watching television because the state a televisions can leave ones mind makes it especially hard to focus on studying and learning. Student need to study. Televisions, despite the few redeeming qualities they posses, have a negative effect on studying and study habits. Increasing the amount of television one watches will directly effect ones study habits, grades, and overall well being. The more television watched means less productivity and learning.

Biological Basis of Behaviour

The Middle Ages essays

The Middle Ages essays The Roman Empire geographically established the original concept of a European boundary. With all of it's great achievements likee civil law, politics and literature, the collective willpower of the Roman Empire would eventually degrade over time and give way to new ideas andd influences. The empire of Rome did not fall- it fizzled. The Western Roman Empire gave way to the Middle Ages around 476, when the Barbarian,, Odoacer, overthrew the emperor Romulus Augustulus. Other historians give the year 410, when Alaric, king of the Visigoths, sacked Rome. Still,, others say about 500 or even later. In any event this early medieval period is often referred to as the Dark Ages because of the apparent collapse off Greco Roman culture. During this time their was no effective government and no sense of state, just small autonomous tribes and peasantt communities. Local life was isolated, fragmented, dreary, illiterate and superstitious.. For various reasons, Germanic people to the North had long desired to expand into Roman territories perhaps because of pressures from overpopulation, wars, or food shortages. These Barbarians were semi-nomadic tribes led by warrior chiefs. They advanced forcefully against the Empire in the fourth century as the strength and determination of the Roman Empire was being degraded by political decay, civil war, economic problems and social decadence. Various Barbarians such as the Ostrogoth, Vandals, Lombards, Franks, Angles, Saxons and other tribes overcame a disintegrating Roman Empire. The advanced systems of Roman law, culture and government gave way to crude forms of Barbarians. These invaders lacked the ability to continue the achievements in art, literature, and engineering. However, these invaders also brought with them new ideas and traditions that changed Roman culture to a more diverse and defused culture which altered the course and development for later Eu...

Human Services Program and Profession Unit 1 discussion Research Paper

Human Services Program and Profession Unit 1 discussion - Research Paper Example I recognized that it feels awesome to help with anything I possibly can such as providing people assistance in various situations through the current knowledge and resources I know that can help. The vision that I could be an instrumental contributor to the betterment of mankind’s wellbeing led me to the field of human services. What are some of the populations and career settings you would like to work with in the future? I currently am a single mom with three kids and anything I know I do not mind sharing. Some of the populations I look forward working with are children facing various forms of abuse. I envision myself as a clinical social worker and focus on finding ways and means to prevent and minimize child abuse. The â€Å"Tips for Online Success† presented in the Illinois Online Network proffered pertinent techniques that would assist students through the term. As disclosed, the ten tips focus on participating; asking when some areas need clarifications; being actively involved and committed; and taking advantage of the benefits of distance or online learning. Honestly, it is one’s personal contention that when students are really committed to learn, whether in traditional classroom setting or through online modules, the objective to apply what one learned is of paramount

Major market segments and trends in biotech industry Essay

Major market segments and trends in biotech industry - Essay Example Biotechnology is a technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. Of the many different definitions available, the one formulated by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity is one of the broadest: "Biotechnology means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use." (Article 2. Use of Terms). Another definition can be: Biotechnology is the manipulation of organisms to do practical things and to provide useful products.2 Biotechnology is a scientific knowledge base--a rapidly evolving technology--that has economically valuable applications in diverse industries such as pharmaceuticals, medical diagnostics, agriculture, bio-environmental remediation and chemical processing. Biotech is still at an early phase and there are many opposing hypotheses about its future development.3 The biotechnology industry serves both medical and non-medical markets as well. The medical market includes human therapeutics and human diagnostics as well as applications in veterinary medicine. Non-medical markets cover both agriculture and industrial applications. Agricultural applications cover making plants and crops pest resistant, providing improved seed quality, modulating growth and ripening times, enhancing nutrient content of foods, and providing simple and inexpensive diagnostics for use in field testing for contaminants and toxic materials. Industrial uses of biotechnology encompass many diverse sectors and include industrial enzymes, waste management, bioremediation, energy biomass, cosmetic formulations, and diagnostics for toxicity determinations.4 The Medical Market Most of U.S. biotechnology companies are aiming at markets in human medical purposes. Nearly 29 percent of biotechnology companies are involved in therapeutics, while the primary focus of 17 percent of companies is in diagnostics. Biotechnology companies in the human health care field concentrate on discovering and creating ways to prevent, diagnose, treat, and cure the dozens of life-threatening and serious diseases and conditions for which satisfactory medical therapies or preventive agents currently do not exist. The market for human therapeutic biotechnology products is expected to grow from $7.6 billion in revenues in 1996 to more than $24 billion in 2006, an average annual growth rate of 13 percent while the human diagnostics biotechnology product sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 9 percent from $1.8 billion in 1996 to approximately $4 billion in 2006. Colony stimulating factors, insulin, human growth hormone, beta and gamma interferon, and vaccines comp rises much of the outstanding market. A 1996 survey of biotech drugs under development by companies belonging to the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) found that there were 284 biotechnology drugs in human trials, a 21 percent jump over the number (234) in development reported by PhRMA in the previous year. The survey also found 18 drug applications pending approval at the FDA and 49 in

Thyroid Gland And Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

Thyroid Gland And Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by abnormally low amount of the thyroid hormone synthesis. This may be due to a thyroid problem or any other reason. Thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes. Inadequate thyroid hormone has many consequences for the body Thyroid gland and thyroid hormone synthesis Thyroid gland has two lobes connected by an isthmus. It attaches to the thyroid cartilage and trachea. Therefore it moves with swallowing. Thyroid gland consists of follicles lined by a cuboidal epithelial cell layer. These follicles filled with colloids.Parafollicular cells situated in between follicular cells which secrete calcitonine. Thyroid gland synthesizes mainly two hormones. They are L-thyroxin/tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).T3 is the active form that acts at the cellular level and T4 is the prohormone.Iodide enters the thyroid follicles primarily through a transporter. Thyroid hormone synthesis occurs in the follicular space through a series of reactions, many of which are peroxides-mediated. Thyroid hormones stored in the colloid in the follicular space that is released from Thymoglobulin by a hydrolysis reaction which occur inside the thyroid cell. E.g. Thyroglobulin (Tgb), monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT), Triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4). If there is hereditary defect of enzyme in above process, Thyroid hormone synthesis could not occur. So its leads to congenital goiter and often results in hypothyroidism. Regulation of the synthesis of thyroid hormones Thyroid hormone synthesis is regulated by another gland located in the brain called pituitary. In turn the pituitary gland in part regulated by the thyroid hormone via feedback mechanism and other gland called hypothalamus. The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin hormone (TRH), which give a signal to the pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH in turn sends a signal to the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. If some defect occurs in one of these levels, a lack of production of thyroid hormones can cause a deficiency of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). Hypothalamus TRH down arrow Pituitary- TSH down arrow Thyroid- T4 and T3 The rate of thyroid hormone synthesis is regulated by the pituitary gland. If there is an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone circulating in the body to normal functioning, the release of TSH from the pituitary increased in order to stimulate more thyroid hormone. However, when there is a large amount of thyroid hormones in circulation, TSH level decreases and pituitary attempts to reduce the production of thyroid hormone. In people with hypothyroidism have low levels of circulating thyroid hormones. Physiological effects of thyroid hormones à ¢-   Cardiovascular system increased cardiac output and heart rate. à ¢-   skeletal system increased bone turnover and resorption. à ¢-   Respiratory maintains normal hypoxic and Hypercapnic drive in respiratory centre. à ¢-   Gastrointestinal increases gut motility. à ¢-   Blood increases red blood cell 2, 3-BPG facilitating Oxygen release to tissues. à ¢-   Neuromuscular increases speed of muscle contraction and relaxation and muscle protein turnover. à ¢-  Metabolism of carbohydrates increases hepatic Gluconeogenesis/glycolysis and intestinal glucose Absorption. à ¢-   Metabolism of lipids increased lipolysis and Cholesterol synthesis and degradation. à ¢-   Sympathetic nervous tissue increases catecholamine Sensitivity and ÃŽÂ ²-adrenergic receptor numbers in heart, skeletal muscle, adipose cells and lymphocytes. Reduces cardiac ÃŽÂ ±-adrenergic receptors. If there is a defect in the synthesis or regulation pathways or thyroid lead to many disorders. They are mainly divided in two parts. They are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, is the overproduction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and most often caused by the development of Graves disease which is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced which stimulate the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. This disease can lead to the development of toxic goiter due to the growth of the thyroid gland in response to the absence of negative feedback mechanisms. This is manifested by symptoms such as thyroid goiter, protruding eyes (exopthalmos), palpitations, excessive sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, muscle weakness and unusual sensitivity to heat. Appetite is increased. Classification of Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is often classified by association with the indicated organ dysfunction Type Origin Primary Thyroid gland The most common forms are Hashimotos thyroiditis which is an autoimmune disease and can be occur in radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. Secondary Pituitary gland Occurs if the pituitary gland does not release enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce enough thyroid hormones. Although not every case of secondary hypothyroidism has a clear-cut case, it is usually caused by damage to the pituitary gland, as by a tumor, radiation, or surgery. Secondary hypothyroidism accounts for less than 5% or 10% of hypothyroidism cases. Tertiary Hypothalamus Results when the hypothalamus fails to produce sufficient Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH prompts the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Hence may also be termed hypothalamic-pitu Autoimmune Atrophic (autoimmune) hypothyroidism. The most common cause of hypothyroidism and the associated with antithyroid auto antibodies leads to lymphoid infiltration Cancer and eventually atrophy and fibrosis. It has been six Times more common in women and the incidence increases with age. This can be associated with other autoimmune Diseases such as pernicious anemia, vitiligo and other endocrine disorders. In some cases, intermittent Hypothyroidism occurs when recovering from illness, antibodies which block the TSH receptor can sometimes be involved in the etiology. Hashimotos thyroiditis. This form of autoimmune thyroiditis, again, more common in women and the most common in the late. The average age is atrophic changes with regeneration, leading to the formation of goiter. This may be usually firm and Rubber but can vary from soft to hard. TPO antibodies very high amount (>1000 IU / L). Patients can be euthyroid or hypothyroid, but they can pass through the initial phase of the toxic Hashi toxicity, Levothyroxine therapy. The goiter may reduce the even if the patient does not Hypothyroid. Postpartum thyroiditis. Typically, this is a temporary phenomenon Observed after pregnancy. It can cause hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism or the two sequences. It is believed to cause changes in the immune system necesnecessary.In case of pregnancy, and histologically lymphocytic thyroiditis. The process is usually self-limiting, but when Conventional antibodies are there is a strong chance this procedure of permanent hypothyroidism. Postpartum Thyroiditis may be misdiagnosed as postnatal depression. Thyroid function test is done to detect this situation. Defects in hormone synthesis Iodine deficiency. Dietary iodine deficiency still exists in some areas as endemic goiter where goiter, occasionally massive is common. Patients may be euthyroid or hypothyroidism depending on the severity of iodine deficiency. The mechanism is considered borderline hypothyroidism leading to TSH stimulation and thyroid enlargement against iodine deficiency continues. Iodine deficiency is this still a problem in the Netherlands, the Western Pacific and South. East Asia for example, the mountainous regions of the Himalayas and Africa. Some countries affected by iodine deficiency, for example, China and Kazakhstan take measures providing iodine in salt, but others, such as Russia, have not yet done so. Of The 500 million with iodine deficiency in India about 2 million suffering from cretinism.Dyshormonogenesis is a rare disease is due to genetics. Defects in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, patients Develop hypothyroidism with goiter. One particular family Form is associated with sensorineural hearing loss due to the removal Mutation of chromosome 7, resulting in a defect Transporter Pendrin (Pendred syndrome author). Hypothyroidism causes many symptoms. The term myxedema refers to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides.In the subcutaneous tissue. The classical pictures are Slow in working, dry hair, thick-skinned, deep voice, Weight gain, cold intolerance, bradycardia, and constipation. These features make the diagnosis easy. Milder symptoms, however, more common and difficult to distinguish from other causes Nonspecific tiredness. Many of the cases on the biochemical detection Screening Particular difficulties in diagnosis may occur in certain circumstances: à ¢-   Children with hypothyroidism may not classical Properties, but often have a slow growth rate, poor School performance and sometimes arrests of pubertal Development. à ¢-   Young women with hypothyroidism may not show obvious signs. Hypothyroidism is excluded in all Patients with oligomenorrhea / amenorrhea, Menorrhagia, infertility and hyperprolactinemia. à ¢-   the elderly show many clinical features that are difficult Distinct from normal aging. Investigation of primary hypothyroidism The Serum TSH is the examination of choice, a high TSH level Confirmed primary hypothyroidism. A low free T4 level confirms the hypothyroidism is (and is also essential for TSH to close a deficiency and clinical hypothyroidism is strongly suspected and TSH is normal or low).Thyroid and other organ-specific antibodies are present. Other exceptions are the following: à ¢-   Anemia, usually normochromic and normocytic In type but can macrocytic (sometimes this is by Associated pernicious anemia) or microcytic (in women, By menorrhagia) à ¢-   increased serum aspartate transferase levels, from Muscle and / or liver à ¢-   increased serum creatine kinase levels, with associated myopathy à ¢-   Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia à ¢-   Hyponatremia due to an increase in ADH and reduced Free water clearance. Treatment Replacement therapy with levothyroxine (thyroxine, that is to say, T4) is Data for life. The starting dose will depend upon the severity of the failure and the age and condition of the patient, especially their cardiac function: 100ÃŽÂ ¼g per day during the Young and fit, 50ÃŽÂ ¼g (up to 100ÃŽÂ ¼g after 2-4 weeks) for the small, old or weak. Patients with ischemic heart disease Illness an even lower initial dose, especially if the Hypothyroidism is a severe and prolonged. Most doctors Would then start with daily 25ÃŽÂ ¼g and performing serial ECG, increasing the dose at 3 to 4-week intervals as angina Not occur or worsen and the ECG is not Deteriorate. Monitoring The goal is to recover well within T4 and TSH The normal range. The adequacy of the replacement is reviewed Clinical and thyroid function tests after at least 6 weeks at a constant dose. If serum TSH remains high, the dose of T4 Should is increased in increments of 25-50 g Æ’Â ¬ the tests Repeated 6-8 week intervals until TSH returns to normal. Complete suppression of TSH should be avoided atrial fibrillation and the risk of osteoporosis. The usual The Maintenance dose is 100 to 150 g Æ’Â ¬ administered as a single daily Dose. An annual thyroid function test is recommended this is usually done in the first line, often assisted and in response to the district thyroid registers. Clinical improvement T4 cannot start 2 weeks or more and complete resolution of symptoms 6 months. The need for lifelong therapy should be emphasized and the possibility of other autoimmune endocrine disease development, Especially Addisons disease or pernicious anemia, Should be considered. During pregnancy, an increase of T4 Dosage of about 25-50ÃŽÂ ¼g is often necessary to maintain normal TSH and the need for replacement during optimal. Pregnancy is highlighted by the finding of the reduction of Cognitive function in children of mothers with elevated TSH during pregnancy. A few patients with primary hypothyroidism complain incomplete symptomatic response to T4 replacement. Combination T4 and T3 replacement is advocated in this Context, but randomized clinical trials show no consistent Benefit from the quality of life symptoms. Borderline hypothyroidism or Compensated euthyroidism Patients are often seen with a low-normal serum T4 levels and slightly elevated TSH values. Sometimes this follows surgery or radioactive iodine therapy when it can be reasonably seen as compensatory. Treatment with levothyroxine is normally recommended where the TSH is consistently above 10 mu / L, or if possible symptoms, high titers of thyroid Antibodies or lipid abnormalities are present. When the TSH is only marginally increased, the tests must be repeated three to six Months later. Conversion to overt hypothyroidism is more common in men or TPO antibodies are present in Practice, vague symptoms in patients with marginal Elevated TSH (less than 10 mu / L) rarely responds to treatment, However, a therapeutic trial of substitution may be required to confirm that the symptoms are not related to the thyroid gland. It is also is considered to be the best time (TSH level normalization, the ideal case, the former) Pregnancy, in order to avoid the side effects of the fetus.Myxedema coma severe hypothyroidism, especially in the elderly, may be with confusion and even coma. Myxedema coma is very rare. Low temperature is often there, the patient may have severe heart failure, hypoventilation, hypoglycemia, and hyponatriemia.The best treatment Controversial, there is no data, most doctors recommend T3 oral or intravenous injection, a dose of Æ’Â ¬2, and 5-5 grams every 8 hours then, such as the above-mentioned increase. High-dose intravenous cannot be used. Other measures, although there is no proof of Include: à ¢-   Oxygen (by ventilation if necessary) à ¢-   monitoring of cardiac output and pressure à ¢-   Gradual warming à ¢-   Hydrocortisone 100 mg intravenously 8-hour à ¢-   Glucose infusion to avoid hypoglycemia. Myxedema madness Depression is common in hypothyroidism but rarely with severe hypothyroidism in the elderly can the patient be said demented or psychotic, sometimes with prominent delusions. This may occur shortly after starting T4 replacement. Screening for hypothyroidism à ¢-   the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism is Approximately 1 in 3500 births. Untreated, severe Hypothyroidism produces permanent neurological and Intellectual damage (cretinism). Routine screening of the newborn with a bloodstain, like Guthrie test, a high TSH level as an indicator of primary detecting Hypothyroidism is efficient and cost effective; cretinism is prevented if T4 is started within the first few months of life. à ¢-   screening of elderly patients for thyroid dysfunction a low pick-up rate and is controversial and not currently recommended. However, patients who have undergone Thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine should receive Regular thyroid function tests, should be as those who Lithium or amiodarone therapy. Signs and symptoms early hypothyroidism is often asymptomatic, can have very mild symptoms. Subclinical hypothyroidism normal levels of thyroid hormones, thyroxin (T4) and triiodo thyronine (T3), moderate to high thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) conditions. TSH and low free T4 at a higher level; the symptoms are more obvious in clinical hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism may be associated with the following symptoms: Early à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cold intolerance, increased sensitivity to cold à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Constipation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ weight gain, water retention à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ bradycardia (low heart rate less than 65 times per minute) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fatigue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ decreased sweating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Muscle cramps and joint pain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ dry, itchy skin à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ thin, brittle nails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quick thoughts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ depression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ muscle tension difference (hypotonia) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ female infertility and problems in the menstrual cycle Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ elevated serum cholesterol Late à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ goiter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ slow speech and a hoarse, breaking voice deepening of the voice can also be noticed. Reinke edema. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dry puffy skin, especially in the face à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows (sign of Hertoghe) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Menstrual cycle abnormalities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low basal body temperature à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ thyroid related depression Uncommon Impaired memory Impaired cognitive function (brain fog) and inattentiveness. A slow heart rate with ECG changes including low voltage signals. Diminished cardiac output and decreased contractility Reactive ( post-prandial) hypoglycemia Hair loss slow reflexes Anemia caused by impaired hemoglobin synthesis (decreased EPO levels), impaired intestinal iron and folate absorption or B12 deficiency from pernicious anemia Yellowing of the skin due to impaired conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A (carotoderma) Difficulty swallowing(dysphagia) Shortness of breath with a shallow and slow respiratory pattern(dyphnea) Increased need for sleep Irritability and mood instability Impaired renal function with decreased glomerular filtration rate myxedema madness (a rare presentation) Decreased libido due to impairment of testicular testosterone synthesis Impairment of taste sensation and anosmia Puffy face, hands and feet (late, less common symptoms) Gynecomastia(enlarge breast tissue) Loss of hearing Diagnosis thyroid function test the only validation test diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (T4) level. However, these levels can be varying without thyroid disease. High TSH levels, the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone levels (primarily thyroxin (T4) and a small amount of iodine Thyroid three original leucine (T3)). However, measuring just TSH can diagnose secondary and tertiary thyroid function loss, resulting in the following recommended a blood test, if the TSH is normal hypothyroidism remains skeptical: Free triiodothyronine (ft3) Free thyroxin (ft4) Total T3 Total T4 Additionally, the following measurements may be needed: Free T3 from 24-hour urine catch Antithyroid antibodies for evidence of autoimmune diseases that may be damaging the thyroid gland Serum cholesterol which may be elevated in hypothyroidism Prolactin as a widely available test of pituitary function Testing for anemia, including ferritin Basal body temperature Exams and Tests A physical examination may reveal a smaller than normal thyroid gland, although sometimes the gland is normal size or even enlarged (goiter). The examination may also reveal: Brittle nails Coarse facial features Pale or dry skin, which may be cool to the touch Swelling of the arms and legs Thin and brittle hair A chest x-ray may show an enlarged heart. Laboratory tests to determine thyroid function include: TSH test T4 test Lab tests may also reveal: Anemia on a complete blood count (CBC) Increased cholesterol levels Increased liver enzymes Increased prolactin Low sodium Treatment the treatment of hypothyroidism is levorotatory forms of thyroxin (thyroid hormone) (L-T4) and triiodo thyroxin liothyronine (L-T3). Thyroxin is a name, and in the USA, the most common form of thyroxin tablets. Thyroxin is a doctor of the most common drugs, wherein a synthetic thyroid hormone predetermined. This medicine can improve symptoms of thyroid deficiency such as speech delay, lack of energy, weight gain, hair loss, dry skin, cold feeling. This will also help in the treatment of goiter. It can also be used to treat certain types of thyroid cancer, surgery and other medicines. Both synthetic and animal thyroid tablets available, and may be required in patients with the additional thyroid hormone. Daily doses of thyroid hormone, doctors can monitor blood pressure, in order to help ensure that the correct dose. Thyroxin is the best 30-60 minutes before breakfast, because some foods can reduce absorption. Calcium can interfere with absorption levothryoxine. Compared with water, t he coffee can be reduced about 30% of the absorption of thyroxin. Some patients may be anti-thyroxin, in fact, they do not have good absorption sheet to solve the problem by spraying. There are several different treatment options for thyroid replacement therapy: T4 only such treatment methods include supplementary levothyroxin separately, a synthetic form. This is the current standard treatment of mainstream medicine. A combination of T4 and T3 in This treatment method involves the combination simultaneously manage two synthetic L-T4 and L-T3. Dried thyroid extract Dried thyroid extract is an animal thyroid extract; the most common is from porcine sources. It is also a combination therapy, containing a natural form of L-T4 and L-T3. Dealing with controversial T4 T3 generation has been investigating the potential benefits, but has proved to be no conclusive combination therapy benefit. Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines in 2002, the the clinical biochemical state of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences during pregnancy: L-T4 dose should be increased (usually 50 micrograms / day) maintained at 0.5 ~ 2.0 mIU / L and serum serum TSH FT4 within the normal reference interval the upper third. Doctors tend to assume that if your TSH is in the normal range, sometimes defined as high as 5.5 MIU / L has no effect on fertility. But there is an approximately 1.0 MIU / L, TSH level in healthy pregnant women Subclinical hypothyroidism there are a series of biochemical and point thyroxin treatment, the typical treatment of hypothyroidism symptoms views. Reference range has been debated. As of 2003, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (ACEE) that within the normal range of 0.3-3.0 MIU / L. There is always an excess risk of hyperthyroidism. Some studies suggest that subclinical hypothyroidism does not require treatment. In 2007, the Cochrane Collaboration, a meta-analysis found that, in addition to the no benefit of thyroid hormone replacement lipids and left ventricular function in 2002 meta-analysis checks whether subclinical hypothyroidism may increase the risk of heart disease increase, some of the parameters previously thought, a slight increase, and recommended to be updated for the current recommendations for further research with the end point of coronary heart disease. Replacement therapy the connection has been a slow release combination of T3 and T4, supporters will be able to thyroid dysfunction symptoms and functional quality of life. This is still a matter of debate, refused by the traditional medical community. Remember, the important thing when are taking thyroid hormone are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ do not stop taking the drugs, and when you feel better. Continue the medication completely guidance of a doctor. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If you change the brand of thyroid drugs, let your doctor know. Your levels may need to be checked. Some dietary changes can change your body absorb thyroid drugs. Contact your doctor, if you eat a lot of soy products, or in the high-fiber diet. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thyroid medicine best on an empty stomach, and if any other drugs before one hour. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ do not take the thyroid hormone supplement fiber, calcium, iron, multivitamins, aluminum hydroxide, sulfuric acid agent, colestipol, or in combination with a bile acid drugs. You start taking replacement therapy, the doctor tells you, if you have any symptoms of increased thyroid activity (hyperthyroidism), such as Palpitations Rapid weight loss Restlessness or shakiness Sweating Myxedema coma is a medical emergency; the thyroid hormone the body becomes very low. Intravenous replacement thyroid hormone and steroids. Some patients may need support therapy (oxygen, breathing assistance, fluid replacement) and intensive care. Outlook (prognosis) in most cases, thyroid levels to normal, and appropriate treatment. However, thyroid hormone replacement for the rest of life.Myxedema coma can result in death. Possible complications Hypothyroidism, myxedema coma, the most severe form is rare. This can be caused by infection, illness, exposure to cold, or certain medications in untreated hypothyroidism. The symptoms and signs of myxedema coma include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ room temperature à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduce breathing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ low blood pressure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ hypoglycemia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ unresponsive Other complications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Heart disease à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increased risk of infection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infertility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ abortion Untreated hypothyroidism are at increased risk: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ gave birth to birth defects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ heart disease, the higher the level of LDL (bad cholesterol) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ heart failure Too much thyroid hormone treatment are at risk of angina or a heart attack, as well as the risk of osteoporosis(the bone thinning).

Bureaucratic Management Essay

An organisation can be best describes as a unit which consists of individuals who, in order to achieve certain objectives, influence other people. They may be trying to achieve wealth or well being through differing processes, technologies, structures and cultures. In order to run an organisation well management is needed. Management then is the planning, organising, leading and controlling of human resources, s well as other resources, in order to achieve effective goals. Rosemary Stewart describes a manager as; â€Å"Someone who gets things done with the aid of people† (Boddy P11) Bureaucratic Management An important aim for most businesses today is to increase productivity and efficiency. In order to do so, many businesses adopt theoretical approached to management. The theory of bureaucracy is one in which is the underlying theme of control in many organisations of today. Bureaucratic management is described as â€Å"a formal system of organisation in order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness.† (Contemporary Management P48) Max Weber developed the theory of bureaucratic management and derived five main principles which should be adopted when using bureaucratic management. Although his theories were very sound, perhaps the most influential principles of management in organisations are that of Henri Fayol. He devised 14 theories of management however some of these theories are similar to that of Max Weber. Like Weber, Fayol believed in division of labour where workers would be given more job duties and responsibilities. He also believed in authority and responsibility similar to Weber’s theory, where authority should come from â€Å"personal expertise, technical knowledge moral worth and the ability to lead to generate commitment from subordinates† (Contemporary Management P50) Weber believed in dual command, similar to this, Fayol believed unity of command. This principle involves an employee reporting to and only receiving orders from one supervisor. Next he devised that there should be a line of authority which can be described as the line of command starting at the bottom of the organisation and following up to the very top of the organisation. In bureaucratic management it is important to control the number of levels in the hierarchy because the more managers there are the longer it takes to plan and organise activities. Similarly he believed that an effective bureaucratic work place should have a form of centralisation. Fayol believed that authority should not be centralised at the top of the chain of command. As a result of centralisation of authority, it would mean managers at the top of the hierarchy are able to make more decisions and therefore the people lower down the line of authority would simply follow their direction. In a bureaucratic organisation there is a need for unity of direction which Fayol picked up on. He believed that effective bureaucratic organisations which devised a plan of direction would eradicate ineffectiveness and unfocused activities. On the other hand, bureaucratic organisations should treat employees with equity and fairness as well as sustain order. Fayol described order as â€Å"the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organisation with the greatest benefit.† (Contemporary Management P50). Linked to this he believed in the discipline within the organisation whereby employees could focus on obedience, energy and respect for authorititive figures. On the other hand, bureaucratic management according to Fayol should encourage employees to use initiative as well as a system whereby employees are rewarded in order to increase productivity and increase enjoyment for the employees. Included in these reward systems were profit sharing plans and bonuses. He recognised the need for long-term employment because through time people develop their skills. Similarly he believed that some form of agreement should be made by the organisation and its employees in order to maintain that employees are treated fairly and overall be rewarded for their performance. Espirit De Crops is an important part in the success of a bureaucratic organisation because it refers to a shared feeling of motivation and commitment to a specific cause. When managers are able to encourage personal and verbal relations between both managers and workers espirit de corps can be developed. Furthermore, this can be linked to Human Relations management. Human Relations Management Human relations management is the belief that a concern for human factors such as job specialisation in order to improve productivity. It was based on the belief that people have a social dimension and have important links not just to the workplace, but out with the organisation itself. Human relations was a move from a ‘rational economic’ view of man, where a employee will increase productivity with economic benefits such as wage rises and bonuses; to a social view of man, where productivity will increase with an increase in employee relation ships and in general better social conditions. Mary Parker Follet believed in the creativity of group processes. On the other hand she did not believe that division of labour was the right way to achieve optimised productivity unlike Fayols’ bureaucratic theories. Again, in comparison to strict lines of authority in bureaucratic management she believed that managers in an affective human relations organisation should not manipulate their subordinates. Instead, they should be trained to use their powers responsibility. She also argued against Fayols’ belief that there should be a clear hierarchy of authority by advising that it would be effective if leadership moves from person to person depending on the individual situation or who is best suited to the job. Unlike the principle of unity of command, Human relations theory allowed employees to work together and interact with managers giving their opinions and beliefs in order to optimise productivity. It also gives employees the satisfaction of knowing their opinions are valued. Elton Mayo elaborated on human relations management theory when he undertook the Hawthorne studies. He examined the social and psychological factors which affected performance. His studies concluded that physical conditions had a small impact on output and that it was social changes which impact productivity. These changed occurred because the teams were paid more attention to and their opinions mattered to managers. On the other hand, it concluded that financial initiatives helped increase productivity (similar to bureaucratic practises). The study later found that people performed less effectively because they began to practice specific social norms. In bureaucratic management employees have to behave in strict ways whereas human relations management theories found differing social behaviour. During the Hawthorne studies employees devised that they should behave in specific way and therefore those who did not abide by these social norms were classified as rate busters; who were people who tried to more in order to gain more, chisellers; employees who underperformer and squealers; who told tales to managers. Relevance Today Bureaucratic management has been proven to be very successful today. The Hilton hotel group are a relevant example because they have many outlets through-out the world. They must set out global standards and procedures in order for managers to run them it effectively. Included in these procedures is how staff is recruited and trained. Similarly rules and regulations set out in manual should be followed precisely, whether its how to treat their customers or how to run their accounts. On the other hand, bureaucratic management is not suitable for organisations which are prone to change. On the other hand, management control in bureaucratic management is very high because authority is clearly marked out, with managers being the imperative and employees must follow their orders. Human Relations Management is successful in some organisation today. Organisations that tend to benefit from Human Relations Management are call centres because employees tend to work in teams and have a closer interaction with their managers. However the influence on performance that Mayo discussed is much more complicated than assumed because by providing good supervision and adequate working conditions can increase satisfaction within the organisation but does not always mean it will increase productivity. Management control in an organisation which is adopts Human Relations management does have management control however it is less centralised. Employees are able to put across ideas and perspectives. Similarly, in some organisations the role of management can be shifted depending on who is best suited to the job. Overall, adopting theories of management in an organisation is very important because it can shape the way you run your business, but more importantly it can increase productivity and effectiveness by all who are involved in the organisation. Bureaucratic management is a system of management which is widely used today and more classical compare to human relations management. It is clear to see that there are differences between bureaucratic management and human relations management, the most obvious being that human relations management takes into consideration the social behaviours of employees whereas bureaucratic management concentrates more on hierarchy and strict division of labour.

Baz Luhrmann’s appropriation “Romeo and Juliet” Essay

Baz Luhrmann’s film, Romeo and Juliet, is very successful as an appropriation of the original play by Shakespeare. Transforming the pre-16th century play into a contemporary popular culture film was done creatively by keeping the same values and language, but changing the context. This is illustrated by the use of anachronisms. For instance, daggers and swords are replaced by guns as well as cars stand in for horses. The disputes between members of the two families (the Capulets and the Montagues) evoke associations with multi-ethnic gang warfare. Their feud reflects the behaviour of mafia families. Using these modernising elements, he achieves an appeal to the contemporary teenage audience and the changes in the film create a more comprehensible meaning to the audience because people can relate to it better and this is why the film is so engaging. The film is set in a modern day city where violence occurs regularly. In the opening scene, a television screen is in view and a news reporter is talking. This immediately allows people to realise the time period which the film is set in. Then there is a sequence of scenes which includes shots of scenery, people fighting, newspaper articles and loud string music is played in the background. There is a lot of editing and cutting in this sequence which makes it move very fast. The next scene is where the Montague gang is at the petrol station. Loud upbeat music is played in the background. The loud music and bright coloured costumes represent the life of this city. The use of guns and convertible cars contribute to the contemporary atmosphere. The film techniques include using a handheld camera which creates a â€Å"realistic† effect. This is used in the sequence of different shots where there is fire and helicopters and guns. The reason why it is so realistic is because the quality of the shot and the way it is presented make it seem like something that would be seen on the news. But the words that appear between the shots, for example, â€Å"In fair Verona† and â€Å"a pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life† is taken from the play so it is Shakespearean language. The text is placed with contemporary visual graphics, yet they do not clash together. The effect of this is that people do not take their attention away when they are presented with language that they may not completely understand. Instead, they can connect the text and the sequence together. Also, the characterisation used in the film is done well to add to the contemporary atmosphere. For example, the Montague gang is not presented as â€Å"well-behaved servants†. Instead, they are loud, extrovert, and outrageous. Paris is â€Å"bachelor of the year† instead of being a â€Å"kinsman of a prince† type figure. No one in the film is presented as a model of a â€Å"perfect citizen†. The Capulet gang wears Hawaiian shirts, one even unbuttoned to reveal their bare chest. They have more rebellious styles of hair; pink, shaved and bleached. Luhrmann uses the images of the families to make one appear submissive and docile while the other is unscrupulous and aggressive. The Capulet’s have quite clearly been portrayed as the ‘baddies’ of the story. The reason why Luhrmann have done this is to portray the typical â€Å"villain† role, which is given to the Capulet gang. In Shakespeare’s time, homosexual men were not accep ted in the society and different ethnic groups did not mix together. In the film, Mercutio is a homosexual and also black, and in today’s society the different sexuality and race are accepted. Even the master of the household, Mr. Capulet, is not perceived as an archetypal â€Å"wealthy and noble† character. The priest is also not a typical Christian and he would have been a controversial character if he was presented during Shakespeare’s time. Also, Baz Luhrmann has chosen two beautiful, â€Å"blonde hair and blue eyed† actors to play the part of Romeo and Juliet. This makes their role idealistic. All of the characters in the film are not â€Å"refined†, as they would have been in the play. This is a reflection of today’s culture and the audience can relate to the film better. And because of this, the dialogue will not affect the audience too much and they would still be able to follow along with the storyline. Although the characterisation of the film is quite different from the characterisation of the play, Baz Luhrmann has kept the original values and issues and has presented them well in the film. The issue of â€Å"peace and order† is presented with the police captain talking to the Capulets and the Montagues in a conference room. Once again, Luhrmann has used elements of today’s culture in the film to replace the existing culture in the play. The police are used to deal with justice and punishment instead of the prince. The character’s religion is very important in the film and the crucifix is a  symbol that is used. Romeo and Juliet get married in the church where they are accompanied by the priest and a chorus. The large statue that reoccurs in many scenes is a religious figure and inside the building, where Juliet lays on her deathbed, is filled with crosses and candles. All of these elements make up a very observable fact that religion is, to a great extent, acknowledged in the film. Luhrmann has made the values and issues raised in the play more distinctive in the film by using these modernized elements. A change in the context of the play also add to the modern atmosphere. A creative interpretation of the original text is used, when Luhrmann turns the Queen Mab speech, which Romeo gets from Mercutio before they go to the Capulet’s party, into an Ecstasy pill. Furthermore he leaves a few text-passages out by presenting it visually. In a few cases he even changes Shakespeare’s plot. This becomes obvious when Juliet awakes before Romeo has died. This differs from Shakespeare’s original text. With the use of special film-techniques, Luhrmann achieves a dramatisation of the scene. In the scene when Juliet awakes before Romeo has drank the poison, the change of the plotline results to a more astonished reaction from the audience, as they would be expecting the clichà ©d ending, which is the one in the original play. Baz Luhrmann’s film is very successful as an appropriation of the original play not only because of his creative ways in modernizing the play, but because the film itself can make one understand the extremeness of the situation in the storyline. That is, in the original play, horses and swords were used in the battles and when people read the play, they may not realise how severe and dangerous the circumstances are because there are too many historical references to swords and horses that it has lost its effectiveness. But in the film, Luhrmann has used fire, guns, cars, and explosions to emphasise the seriousness of the situation. People are more familiar with this sort of violence because it is seen in the media and therefore it will appear more realistic to them. And the sentiment that people may obtain will be more practical and dynamic. This is why the film is so successful, it compels people to understand the original play a lot better.